Using the walkability
checklist that Jeff Speck provides in “Walkable City”, short blocks meet all
four standards of useful, safe, comfortable, and interesting.
But the
problem is that most urbanist projects occur within an existing grid. It’s only the occasional outsized urban project
that adds sufficient new streets to effectively change the grid.
Thus, cities
with smaller blocks are expected to be the easier places to restart
urbanism. With most cities centers founded
on block lengths of 300 to 400 feet, urbanists often point to Portland, Oregon
with its 200-foot block lengths and 75-foot rights-of-way as an example of a
place that is ripe for urbanism. Thus
far, Portland has converted on its advantage.
The same
urbanists then point to Salt Lake City with its 660-foot block lengths and
132-foot rights-of-way as urbanism-challenged.
Anyone who has taken a walk in downtown Salt Lake City would agree. The large blocks and wide streets often lead
to single-use buildings served by surface parking lots. Away from the primary pedestrian routes,
walking in Salt Lake City can be a lonely experience. And crossing a street requires moving with
alacrity.
Salt Lake
City has done some good urbanist things, but much of their effort has been required
to overcome the hole in which the grid left them.
The Salt
Lake City grid has a basis in history.
It’s called the Plat of Zion and was prescribed by Joseph Smith
for all new Mormon settlements. It became
the dominant city grid in the intermountain region.
For its time
and place, the Plat of Zion was a good solution. As Wallace Stegner argued in “Mormon
Country”, the Plat of Zion was an integral part of the success of Mormonism in
settling the intermountain region, creating a functioning civilization in a
land that early explorers found desolate and unusable.
Some describe
the Mormon settlements as among the most impressive civilization successes in
history. Religious commitment and the
administrative skills of Brigham Young were important, but the Plat of Zion also
played a part in creating a cohesive society.
However, the
Plat of Zion didn’t anticipate the 21st century. It was based around the concept of an
agricultural society in which most property owners grew crops around their
homes. It wasn’t conceived as a basis
for the modern cities that many Mormon settlements became.
Not unexpectedly,
the question of what to do with the Plat of Zion was a frequent topic at CNU
21, the annual meeting of the Congress for the New Urbanism, which was recently
held in Salt Lake City.
Andres
Duany, a figure of authority within CNU, offered several opinions on the Plat
of Zion. He argued that it was a mistake for Salt Lake City to have paved much of
the 132-foot right-of-way width. He
suggested that the intention of Joseph Smith, and his successor Brigham Young, was
to have a roadway that lay within the right-of-way, but had a lesser width and was
aligned to avoid buildings or other improvements that might encroach on the
right-of-way.
Duany also suggested
that Smith and Young were urbanist geniuses for leaving large blocks that could
later be redeveloped to meet changing city needs.
With all
respect to Duany, whose urbanist experience dwarfs my puny efforts, I think
he’s wrong on both points. I don’t why
Joseph Smith specified 132-foot wide streets.
(I reject the Salt Lake City folklore that Smith and Young wanted
streets wide enough that a team of oxen could be turned around without
resorting to profanity.) But I don’t
believe that there was an expectation that other uses would need to, or be
allowed to, encroach into the rights-of-way.
And if Smith
and Young had an accurate 19th century vision about the flexibility that would
serve 21st century cities, they had a divine power that would also justify
becoming Mormon.
Which leaves
open the question about what to do with the large blocks and wide streets that the
Plat of Zion created. Luckily, there
were a lot of people at CNU 21 offering creative thoughts. I’ll touch on some of those in my next post.
As always,
your questions or comments will be appreciated.
Please comment below or email me.
And thanks for reading. - Dave Alden (davealden53@comcast.net)
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